L a G r a n E n c i c l o p e d i a I l u s t r a d a d e l P r o y e c t o S a l ó n H o g a r
Chapter 7: Generations
Read the passage. Then answer questions about the passage below.
Proyecto Salón Hogar
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Authors William Strauss and Neil Howe are known for their theories about cycles of generations in American history. In their seminal Generations, and the subsequent 13th Gen, and The Fourth Turning, they explore the history of America from 1584 to the present as a repeating cycle of 4 consecutive generational archetypes. They refer to each cycle of four generations as a constellation, and they posit that each constellational era corresponds to “ recurring types of historical events” and moods. They state that adjacent generations do not live similar lives, and that each generation ages as a singular cohort as time moves forward. If one were to place this progression on a graph, the line would form a diagonal – which Strauss and Howe call the “generational diagonal.” According to Strauss and Howe, each generation is comprised of people who possess 1) common age, 2) common beliefs, and 3) perceived membership in the same generation. A generation is approximately 22 years in length. Since a lifetime may reach 80–90 years, members of 4 generations are alive at one time. The four generational archetypes identified by Strauss and Howe are Idealist, Reactive, Civic, and Adaptive. Idealists are “increasingly indulged youths after a secular crisis,” come of age “inspiring a spiritual awakening,” cultivate principle rather than practicality or pragmatism in midlife, and emerge as “visionary elders.” Reactives grow up “underprotected and criticized youths during a spiritual awakening,” mature into risk taking adults, unlike the preceding generation at midlife, mellow into “pragmatic midlife leaders during a secular crisis,” and become reclusive elders. Civics grow up “increasingly protected youths after a spiritual awakening,” become “a heroic and achieving cadre of young adults,” build institutions as midlifers, and “emerge as busy midlifers, attacked by the next spiritual awakening.”
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Adaptives grow up as “overprotected and suffocated youths during a secular crisis,” unlike the previous generation as young adults, become “risk–averse, conformist rising adults,” mature into “indecisive arbitrator leaders during a spiritual awakening,” and become sensitive elders. The authors believe that the archetypical generations have recurred in fixed order throughout American history with one exception: following the Civil War, one type did not appear. As each generational archetype shifts from one phase of life to the next, the succeeding generations line up in a predictably recurring pattern. For example, when the Idealists are elders, the Reactives are in midlife, the Civics are in rising adulthood, and the Adaptives are in youth. The central role of the elders, aged 66–87, is that of stewardship, such as supervising and mentoring. The central role of midlife, aged 44–65, is leadership, such as parenting and teaching. The central role of rising adulthood is activity, such as working and starting families. The central role of youth, aged 0 to 21 is dependence, such as growing and learning.
Questions 1. According to the passage, which of the following statements can be inferred? I) At a time when a Reactive generation member is a pragmatic leader, an Idealist generation member is a visionary elder. II) At a time when a Civic generation member is a protected youth, a Reactive generation member is a risk–taking adult. III) At a time when an Adaptive generation member is a sensitive elder, a Civic generation member is an institution–building midlifer. A) I only B) II only C) III only D) I and II only E) II and III only
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2. According to the passage, what happens to the Civic generation as its members enter midlife? A) It is attacked by Idealists who are coming of age. B) It is attacked by Idealists who are visionary elders. C) It is attacked by Reactives who are pragmatic leaders. D) It is attacked by Adaptives who are rising adults. E) It is attacked by Adaptives who are youths.
3. Pragmatic most closely means A) acting on the basis of principle.
C) being in the final stage of life. D) acting in a practical way. E) behaving in a reckless way.
Writing: Brainstorming and Drawing a Cluster of Ideas
Is it useful to write ideas in such a messy way? Is the diagram useful?
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Brainstorming is the activity of coming up with ideas and suggestions in an effort to find a solution to a problem or to develop a plan. As a writing strategy, brainstorming is useful to explore the different and possible viewpoints of a topic.
Drawing a cluster of ideas is an activity that is similar to brainstorming. The main difference is that, in the end, a cluster of ideas provides you with a visual representation of what you know and think about a topic. As a writing strategy, clustering helps you to organize the material you have gathered about a subject.
To draw a cluster of ideas, you should: 1. Decide on a subject or topic and write it in the middle of a blank page.
2. Write down any ideas that come into your head when you think about your subject, no matter how crazy or far-fetched they may seem.
3. Review the result of your writing. If some of the ideas you have come up with are connected to others, you should group them by linking them together with lines and circles.
Brainstorm about friendship. Complete the sentence fragments with your own ideas.
1. Friendship is... ____________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________
2. My best friends are... _______________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________
3. I think, that friendship... _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________
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EuropeDirections: Read the passage. Then answer questions about the passage below.
Europe is the second smallest continent, after Australia. Surprisingly, there are 44 countries in Europe. Over 700 million people live in Europe. European ideas are everywhere in the world. You can see examples of European culture, language, and buildings all around the world. In sports, European soccer is very popular. Soccer teams from Europe have gone to the World Cup finals every year except 1930 and 1950. Many people say that the British, Italian, and Spanish soccer leagues are the world’s best. Cycling is also very popular in Europe – especially in France. The Tour de France is the biggest bicycle race in the world. In 1903, when the race first began, racers had to ride along the entire border of France. That’s a long distance! In industry, Germany makes the most cars in Europe. In fact, if you visit Germany, you can go on a tour of the BMW factory. You can also go on a tour of the Porsche factory in Stuttgart, Germany. England is famous for china and pottery. Of course, the Champagne region in France is famous for its wine. Only a certain famous, bubbly wine from this area can be called by the name “champagne.” Flower farming is an important industry in Holland. Holland is famous for its tulips. Europe is also famous for its food. The oldest cookbook in Europe was called De Re Coquinaria, or, “The Art of Cooking”. It was written in Latin. There is much controversy over the identity of the book’s author. Some people think the book was written by a very good cook named Marcus Gavius Apicus. Others don’t think that this book came from him. The book does not tell how to prepare the dishes, but it does tell what to put in each dish. European historical architecture are among the most well–known in the world. One example of a famous architectural structure is called “Stonehenge,” in England. Stonehenge has many, very large stones set up in circles. No one knows why the stones were set up that way, because it was at a time before history was recorded. Many people think Stonehenge is holy.
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The “Acropolis” in Athens, Greece is also very famous for its architectural structures. The Acropolis is a flat–topped hill, which lies about 150 meters above sea level. Many historical temples and other buildings were built on the Acropolis. The Acropolis is a huge tourist site. About 14 million people visit this location each year. Modern European buildings are also tourist sites. The Eiffel Tower is the fifth tallest building in France. When it was built in 1889, it was the world’s tallest building. More than 200,000,000 people have visited the Eiffel Tower since it was built. It was named after Gustave Eiffel, who designed it. It is now a symbol of France. The year 2009 marks the 150th birthday of another famous tourist site in Europe: Big Ben. Big Ben is located atop the Westminster Palace in London, England. Big Ben is the largest four–faced chiming clock in the world. Chiming clocks are clocks that use bells to make their sound. Big Ben is a universal symbol of the United Kingdom. Many European cities are famous for their churches and castles. The Sistine Chapel in the Vatican is the place where cardinals, very high Catholic bishops, meet to pick a new pope. The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel was painted by the artist Michelangelo. The Cathedral of Seville, Spain, is also very magnificent. This grand cathedral is beautifully decorated with outstanding colors. It is also the place where Christopher Columbus is buried. England is now getting ready for the 2012 Olympics. About 4,000 companies and 15,000 workers are working to get the city of Stratford ready. The workers are building a new shopping center and many new hotels, with about 2,000 hotel rooms just for Olympics visitors! Since so many people live in Europe, they expect many visitors. As the Olympic planners say, London, England is less than a 3 hour flight away for more than 300 million people.
Questions
1) What is the name of the famous European bicycle race? A. The French Open B. The Tour de France C. The French Excursion D. The Tour of the World E. The World Cup of France
2) Champagne is… A. a street in France. B. bubbly wine from Champagne, France. C. a famous type of French wine. D. Both A and B are correct E. Both B and C are correct
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3) What was left out of the oldest European cookbook? A. What to put in the dishes B. Who wrote the cookbook C. What the dishes are called D. How to prepare the dishes E. Both B and D are correct F. Both B and C are correct
4) What is the Acropolis? A. A tourist site on the ocean B. A tourist site on a mountain C. A tourist site in a temple D. A tourist site in the sky E. None of the above are correct
5) What has its 150th birthday in the year 2009? A. Big Ben B. Stonehenge C. The Vatican D. The Eiffel Tower E. Westminster Palace
6) Why are the people in England so busy? A. They are repairing Big Ben. B. They are working on Stonehenge. C. They are building a new shopping center. D. They are getting ready for the 2012 Olympics. E. None of the above are correct F. Both C and D are correct
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Vocabulary 1) The best synonym for entire is… A. hole B. partial C. limited D. whole E. basic 2) Industry involves… A. power. B. monopoly. C. compensation. D. discipline. E. manufacturing. 3) The best synonym for controversy is… A. disdain. B. destruction. C. despair. D. disagreement. E. disrespect. 4) What is a site? A. A mile B. A location C. A tourist D. A symbol
5) Magnificent means… A. grand. B. outstanding. C. beautiful. D. Both A and B are correct. E. Both A and C are correct. F. All of the above. 6) If you expect something to happen, you… A. understand it. B. anticipate it. C. contemplate it. D. decide upon it. E. disapprove of it. F. denounce it.
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E. A designer